VOLUME 2, ISSUE 11, NOVEMBER 2015

Abstract: Determination of optimum curing conditions provides quality assurance in the production of high performance composite materials. To this end, many techniques have been developed for monitoring and controlling the variables of the curing process. In this study, the effect of several curing parameters, including curing temperature, curing period and curing pressure on the mechanical properties of silica-phenolic composites were investigated. Commercially available high silica fabric and a heat reactive, resole type phenolic resin (SC1008) were used in the production of composite laminates. After the impregnation step, the laminates were cured utilizing hot press under various cure conditions. The mechanical properties of the high-silica phenolic composite laminates were characterized in terms of tensile, combined loading compression, flexural and hardness (Shore D) tests. The densities and void contents of the composite laminates were measured using Archimedes principle. The results confirmed that both fibre and matrix dominated mechanical properties of the silica phenolic composites were affected by the curing process during composite manufacturing. Optimum curing conditions for this silica-phenolic composite system was determined as 1h at 165° C under a pressure of 8 bars.

Keywords: Curing Conditions, Silica-Phenolic Composites, Compression Moulding, Mechanical Properties.

Abstract: Education promotes development for quality teaching in general which Includes the social aspects brought about by the environmental pressures, the growing interdependence of people and countries, and the changing needs of people and societies. All educational systems aim for quality education to produce students who demonstrate understanding of scientific concepts, critical and creative thinking skills, and love and appreciation for the English language. Thus, educators and concerned government agencies have been mandated and were asked to strengthen English language offerings and teaching to maximize the students' skills and knowledge. Our facility in English, a competitive edge over other Asian nations, as well as in other nations is slowly being undermined by growing perceptions of its deterioration. The perceived deterioration is attributed to many factors not the least of which is the quality of instruction in all levels of our educational system. Thus, the teachers of English especially in speech and oral communication should be adept and resourceful to meet the global competencies. The study used the descriptive-normative research design as it aimed to assess the instructional materials used in teaching speech and topics that can be supplemented by these instructional materials in which the researcher believed has something to do with effectiveness of instructional materials as basis to enhance the curriculum. This method was used to gather the needed and relevant data and information about the research variables. More specifically, the researcher was able to gather data through questionnaire because it covers a small population where the variables were concrete. It further used qualitative questions to qualify data based on international norms in Speech and Oral Communication. Most of the indicators were much accepted by the respondents in assessing the instructional materials offered to enhance the curricular offering in terms of Content and Acceptability.

Keywords: Education, curriculum, enhancement, instructional materials, speech oral communication, English.

Abstract: The absorption behaviour of carborane diester liquid crystals viz., bis(4-propyloxyphenyl) 1,12-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane-1,12-dicarboxylate (C22H32B10O6), and bis(4-butoxyphenyl) 1,10-dicarba-closo-decaborane-1,10-dicarboxylate (C24H34B8O6) have been studied in ultraviolet (UV), and visible (Vis) regions. Structure of these nematogenic molecules have been optimized using the Density functional B3LYP with 6-31+G (d) basis set using crystallographic geometry as input. Molecular charge distribution and phase stability of these systems have been analyzed based on Mulliken and Loewdin population analysis. The electronic absorption spectra of the molecules have been simulated by employing the DFT method, semiempirical CNDO/S and INDO/S parameterizations. The UV absorption behaviour and stability of the molecules has been discussed based on the absorption spectra data, and group charge distributions.

Keywords: Liquid crystal; UV-Visible spectra; Oscillator strength; Phase stability.

Abstract: This paper presents the design and implementation of a new distribution static synchronous compensator (D-STATCOM) inverter with the modular multi-level converter (MMC) technology. The D-STATCOM inverter is used to correct the problems related to power quality and to enhance the reactive power compensation by using solar photovoltaic power. A D-STATCOM inverter with modular multi-level converter (MMC) technology is shunt compensation between a source and distribution grid. The phase angle and modulation index are used to regulate active and reactive power flow. Simulations of the D-STATCOM inverter, with 5 levels modular multi-level converter (MMC) technology, have done by using MATLAB/Simulink.

Keywords: Grid connected system, D-STATCOM; Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC); Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Power; Carrier based PWM.

Abstract: In this paper we have discussed some tests which is used for equality of scale parameters under equal and unequal location parameters. Test considered here are Levene's test, Bartlett's test, Box - Anderson Test, Janckknife test, test based on bootstrap and Lepage test. We have found out some results to know the performance (in terms of level and power) of these tests using simulation technique. Results are display in various table and graphs. Discussions and conclusions are made on the basis of results obtained.

Keywords: Scale parameters, Multi-sample test, Simulation, Power.

Abstract: Mathematical morphology is a general theory in the shapes of images and its transformations. Rough set theory deals with vagueness and uncertainty in the approximation space. The existence of these theories based on operators which are dual in nature. Aim of this paper is to develop an approximation space using set theoretical and topological concepts. For that purpose a new result is developed using binary relations and topological concepts and there by introducing a pre-topological approximation space. This result is applicable in wide range of data mining and image segmentation process.

Keywords: Approximation Space; Mathematical Morphology; Rough Set; Topology; Pre-Topological Approximation Spaces; Pre-Closure and Pre-Interior Operator, Dilation; Erosion.

Abstract: In the context of the booming building and real estate industry in the rapidly urbanizing countries, the environmental resources are being consumed unsustainably with signs of this skewed development showing in the degraded ecosystems and climate change calamities, causing loss of lives as well as compromised qualities of living. In this backdrop as well as the United Nation's watchword for 2015 Environment Day 'Sustainable production and consumption', this paper reports the results of a study that investigated the water consumption pattern of a widely used building material in the Indian construction industry - the Concrete Masonry Units (CMUs), commonly referred to as concrete blocks - through primary survey of a manufacturing unit located in West Bengal, India. Since this material has emerged as a popular substitute of the conventional burnt clay brick for use in walls, it becomes pertinent to check its environmental imprint with respect to water in comparison to bricks to ensure a more sustainable construction. The study finds the water foot-print of hollow concrete blocks to be 0.119 kL/Cu m and the solid concrete blocks to be 0.416 kL/Cu m against that of the common clay bricks as 0.71 kL/Cu m.

Keywords: Water foot-print, embodied water coefficient, concrete blocks, sustainability.

Abstract: The Present research work describes the synthesis, spectral and antibacterial studies on the complexes of few complexes of Nickel (II) with amide group containing ligands. The characterizations of the compounds have been carried out on the basis of elemental analysis, infrared, electronic spectra and magnetic susceptibility studies. Antibacterial activities of these ligands and complexes have also been reported on S.aureus and E.coli microorganisms. The diffuse reflectance spectrums of the complexes show bands in the region 9165 cm-1 to 27027 cm-1 assignable to 3A2g (F) ?3T2g (F),3A2g (F) ?3T1g(F), 3A2g (F)?3T1g (P)transitions. The magnetic moment (2.87 BM) of the complex indicates high octahedral environment. The microwave method of synthesis of complexes have been found easier, convenient and ecofriendly.

Keywords: Microwave, amide, Nickel (II).

Abstract: Channapura area is located on a part of southern extension of Chitradurga schist belt known as Yediyur-Karighatta belt. Banded iron formation (BIF) is defined as a finely bedded or laminated sedimentary rock with anomalously high iron content and sometimes, but not always, interbedded with chert; even when they are metamorphosed, the relict banding is usually still evident. The study area consists of predominantly volcano sedimentary sequence represented by amphibolites, quartzite, and garnet ferrous quartz-mica schist. Based upon the field work data and the detailed investigation consisting of close spaced sampling followed by drilling in Channapura area in Yediyur - Karighatta schist belt which could prove another size able gold deposit in BIF rock formation.

Keywords: BIF, Gold, Schist, Quartz.

Abstract: Objective: To screen and characterize the bioactive compounds in the brown seaweed Turbinaria ornata. Methods: The brown seaweed, T. ornata was collected from Nalupanai coast of Gulf of Mannar. It was cleaned from epiphytes, washed, shade dried and powdered. Algal extraction was carried out using distilled water, ethanol, methanol, acetone and petroleum ether. The crude methanolic extract was subjected to GC-MS analysis to reveal the phyco-constituents. Results: The results obtained in the phytochemical screening supports that the seaweeds contain biologically active substance. Methanol was identified as the most appropriate solvent to extract the bioactive compounds. Different fatty acids and volatile compounds were identified in the GC-MS analysis. The volatile mixture comprised of hydrocarbons, acids, aldehydes, ketones, esters, ethers, alcohols, halogenated and aromatic compounds.

Keywords: Turbinaria ornata, phycochemical screening, bioactive compounds, GC-MS.

Abstract: This paper presents monitoring system to monitor the physiological parameters such as Blood Pressure (BP), ECG, Body Temperature and Saturation of Oxygen in blood. The paper presents the system Architecture for smart Healthcare using Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) with GSM Module and PIC18F4520 Microcontroller. In this system ECG can be monitor by using Clamp Sensor & Oxygen saturation in blood can be monitor by using Pulse Oximeter. The applications of Healthcare are considered as promising fields for monitoring the patient's health using WSNs. The main focus of current WSN healthcare research is on patient reliable communication. A new technology in healthcare applications without considering security makes patient privacy morally. Moreover, the health data of an individual are is very sensitive. Therefore, security & privacy is a first requirement of healthcare applications, if the patient has any disease. This paper discusses the monitoring and analysis of health issues in healthcare application using WSNs.

Keywords: Blood pressure, Energy consumption, patient privacy issues, Hospital healthcare, Wireless sensor network, wireless body area network, Healthcare applications.

Abstract: In any network the priority is to establish communication between the nodes. The Mobile Adhoc Network being wireless adhoc network is prone to many types of attacks. Wormhole is one of the security breaching attack that doesn't require any special type of resource to launch it .Wormhole makes itself the part of the legal path without giving of warning and try to disrupt the communication. In this paper we analyze the wormhole attack, types and detection countermeasures.

Keywords: Wormhole, Inbound, Outbound, Delphi, MAODV.

Abstract: Radiological examinations nowadays provide a significant benefit in the field of the health care. The question of such examinations is to balance their benefits to the risk associated intending to the reduction of the patent dose. This study aims to measure occupational doses and to assess the patient dose by radiological examinations, performed in the regional hospital of Gjirokastra city for the most frequent radiological examinations performed in this hospital The TLD-100 Harshaw dosimeters were used for this purposes calibrated in SSDL. The dose of medical staff as well Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) for patients were measured as the basic dosimetric quantities. These quantities were measured and averaged for medical staff and for ten patient doses for each examination. The obtained values for occupational exposures and patients doses generally were in accordance with IAEA standards for occupational exposures and guidance levels for medical exposures. The measuring of occupational exposures and the radiological examinations doses will contribute for development and improvement of the national radiation protection program for occupational and medical exposures.

Keywords: Occupational Exposure, Medical Exposure, Entrance Surface Dose, TLD.

Abstract: Welded API-5L steel pipes have been extensively used in the oil industry. One of the major parameters affecting the mechanical properties is the grain size, which is altered with the joining method. In this paper microstructural evolution in the friction stir welded API 5L-X52 steel pipes has been investigated.Specimens were cut from a 2mm thick API 5L-X52 steel pipe. The steel sheets were then joined by friction stir welding process; at a linear speed of 100 mm/min. The tool rotational speed was varied from 400 to 800 rpm. Samples were then evaluated using tensile test, metallographic and hardness measurements. Microstructural investigations revealed the stir zone, heat affected zone and thermo mechanically affected zones. Heat input in the stir zone led to the formation of elongated austenite grains which were transformed to fine ferrite and pearlite grains and widmanstatten ferrite in certain regions. Plastic deformation and recrystallization enhanced the hardness and tensile strength as well as toughness of the welded joint in the API 5L-X52 steel.

Keywords: Friction stir welding, API 5L-X52 steel, microstructure, ferrite and pearlite grains.

Abstract: Spatial investigations of pore water nutrient concentrations and their theoretical fluxes were carried out in six different sediment types within a coastal environment (Shido Bay, the Seto Inland Sea, Japan). Nutrient concentrations in pore waters reached maximum values of 711 µM-NH4+, 20.1 µM-PO43- and 195 µM-Si(OH)4 at depth in cores. Diffusive fluxes of NH4+, PO43- and Si(OH)4 were estimated using a modification of a Fick's first law from concentration gradients. Fluxes were positive at all stations, ranging from 0.29 to 4.15 mmol m-2 d-1 for NH4+, 0.01 to 0.08 mmol m-2 d-1 for PO43- and 0.11 to 0.72 mmol m-2 d-1 for Si(OH)4. These fluxes from the bottom to the overlying water are related to the type of sediment and its biogeochemical compositions. Spatial variations of NH4+ and PO43- fluxes were found to be linearly correlated with the organic matter content of surface sediments. Also, NH4+ and PO43- fluxes increased with the C:N ratio of sedimentary organic matter. Differently, the highest Si(OH)4 fluxes were related with the relative high pheo-pigments and biogenic silica (Bio-Si) contents in the surface sediment, which are affected by fecal matter from the oyster culture. As a result, organic matter availability was found to be an important factor in regulating spatial variability of NH4+ and PO43- fluxes, whereas significant contents of sedimentary pheo-pigments and Bio-Si characterise the sites where Si(OH)4 is available.

Keywords: Nutrients, Porewater, Diffusive fluxes, Sediment-water interface, the Seto Inland Sea.

Abstract: It is very important that the investigations and detailed interpretations of every statistical data afford the determination of the strategies for the future of nations and even the mankind. These strategies are then will be very powerful and make sense if the statistical data were used successfully. In this short study we want to analyze three major factors, population growth, energy demand and the educational state of Turkey which are responsible for the economical and social developments in the future of the country by use of the logistic equation for the estimation of the population growth and in the determination of the energy strategies for the future and the fuzzy sets theory for the educational state. It is a well known reality that industrially and economically developed countries are planning their energy production, social, political and economical strategies for the near and for the far future taking into the account of dynamical parameters of the world as a global village. Especially, if one thinks about the wars on the world during the end of the 20 century this fact could be easily seen, even at the very beginning of 21 century. The goals and the places of these wars are seen around natural energy resources of the 3 world, non-industrialized and economically poor, countries.

Keywords: Fuzzy Theory, Logistics Equation, Population, Education, Energy Demand.

Abstract: Cloud computing is becoming a popular tool for storing data both by individuals and corporate sectors. The cloud provides many services which are accessible and economical for its users over the Globe. The main concern of the data storage in the cloud is its security. Many security attacks can happen when transferring and keeping the data over the network. This paper studies about the various network security issues and its solutions. Cryptography plays an important role in the security solution of cloud data. The paper discuss about DES, AES, and BLOWFISH to find the faster Cryptographic algorithm.

Keywords: Security, passive and active attacks, cryptography, symmetric and asymmetric encryption, DES, AES, RSA, BLOWFISH, CryptDB.

Abstract: A general model is presented for infectious diseases which have a latent stage of infection before the infected persons enter into acute phase. Patients may recover from acute stage or they enter into chronic phase. After recovery from acute or chronic phase they become susceptible again. For such a model a basic reproductive number R_0 is obtained. It is found that the disease-free equilibrium point is locally stable if R_01 the disease-present equilibrium point is locally stable and it is globally asymptotically stable when the rate of recovery is sufficiently large. Results of numerical simulation are also reported here.

Keywords: Dynamical system, endemic equilibrium, epidemic, global stability, non linear incidence.

Abstract: Algal Biomass procured from carbon sequestration plant of NALCO at Angul, India, was evaluated for its possible application as an industrial adsorbent. The algal biomass (AB) and carbonized algal biomass (CAB) were taken for the adsorption characteristics. A comparative study of adsorption capacity with commercial activated charcoal (CAC) has been reported in the present work. X-Ray Diffraction and FTIR study were carried for the structural analysis. The BET method was carried out for surface area analysis of the samples. The removal of Methylene Blue (MB) dye has been studied for all the samples and it is observed that the maximum dye removal (98%) occurs with activated carbonized algal biomass. Color reduction potential of the adsorbents was studied on wastewater effluent from paper mill, beverages and steel industries. A maximum of 85.7% of color removal was noted from paper mill effluent that was higher comparable to that with commercial activated charcoal.

Keywords: Adsorbent; Methylene Blue dye; Algal Biomass; Carbon Sequestration; Waste water effluent.

Abstract: Present study shows a simple approach for constructing small computationally reasonable clusters and provides better understanding on structural motifs that stabilize the electronic structure of ZnO. The structural isomers of ZnmOn for m+n = (2-8), only even number, are optimized using Gaussian 09 program package with a B3LYP/LANL2DZ level basis set. In addition to this, other properties related to experimental data such as equilibrium geometry, point group symmetry, binding energy (BE), highest-occupied and lowest-unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) gap, density of states (DOS), vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities (IR Int.) and Raman scattering activitieshave been computed for ZnmOn (m+n=2-8) nanoclusters using DFT theory. Our results show that the existence of the most stable configurations of the various ZnO nanoclusters depend on final binding energy (FBE) and the nonlinear structured nanoclusters are most stable. Also, the variation of HOMO-LUMO gap is decreasing and final binding energy (FEB) is increasing with clusters size. Finally, result would be very useful for new experimental studies on such significant nanoclusters.

Keywords: Nanoclusters, Final Binding Energy (FBE), ZnO, Density functional theory (DFT).

Abstract: First-principal calculation are conceded out to appreciate the structural stability and electronic properties of nanotubes cluster and fundamental building blocks, GanAsn (n=1-3) small cluster by linear stacking of stable isomers, the condensed clusters, (GanAsn)m where n=1-3 and m =1-6 are modeled. The structure stability of condensed cluster their building blocks are achieved from the electron density of states. Electronic properties of all condensed cluster, with m=4 are interesting in photo catalytic application as they have large energy gap than that of bulk. Our calculations also so that the (Ga3As3)m cluster are energetically more stable as compared with other condensed cluster.

Keywords: Carbon nanotubes, Density Functional Theory, Gallium arsenide.

Abstract: The present paper reports the study of modulation in light transmitted through nanostructured cupric oxide thin films with the exposure of moisture at room temperature. For this purpose the precursor of CuO was prepared and was then investigated using SEM and UV-visible absorption techniques. SEM showed the porous nature of the material and energy band-gaps were estimated as 2.8-3.2 eV for different concentrations by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The precursor of CuO in the form of gel was prepared and later used for the deposition of thin film on borosilicate substrates with dimensions 1.5×1.5 cm2 using sol-gel spin coating technique. The film was employed as transmission based opto-electronic humidity sensor. Maximum sensitivity was found 0.85 µW/%RH. As the investigated opto-electronic sensor has remote access capability, therefore, may be used to replace an electrical humidity sensor.

Keywords: Nanostructure, opto-electronic humidity sensor, sol-gel spin coating, cupric oxide.

Abstract: Conducting polymers (CPs) have drawn significant interest of researchers for more than 30 years because of their economical importance, superior stability, lighter weight, better workability, resistance to corrosion and satisfactory electrical conductivity. Some of the applications of CPs include: rechargeable batteries, electrochromic display devices, light reflecting or light transmitting appliances for optical information, sensors and storage for glare reduction systems and smart windows in automobiles and buildings, polymeric light emitting diodes (PLEDs), photovoltaic devices, transistors, electromagnetic shielding against electro-magnetic interferences (EMI) and printed electronic circuits.

Keywords: CPs, EMI shielding, Properties, Applications, Polyaniline, sensors.

Abstract: Knowledge of reservoir fluid properties is very important in reservoir engineering calculations such as reserve estimates and numerical reservoir simulations. Laboratory measurements are the most dependable methods for pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) analysis of reservoir fluid properties. Under circumstances, the absences of such measurements are unavailable, hence, resorted to use empirical PVT correlations. Within the current research, a new correlation for estimating oil formation volume factor at bubblepoint pressure of Egyptian crude oils using nonlinear multiple regression technique has been developed. In developing the correlation, 162 PVT data sets from Egyptian crude oils were used. The data were collected from different fields in Egypt and covered a wide range of crude oils ranging from heavy to volatile oils. The data consisted of oils with oil formation volume factor at bubblepoint pressure ranging from 1.068 to 2.43 bbl/stb, oAPI of 17 to 46, solution gas oil ratio of 52 to 2254 scf/stb, gas gravity of 0.6 to 1.474 and temperature of 107 to 310oF. The developed correlation was taken as a function of solution gas oil ratio, oil gravity, gas relative density and reservoir temperature. Statistical and graphical analyses have been used to evaluate the performance of the developed correlation. Correlation performance was also compared with published correlations. It was found that the new correlation estimates oil formation volume factor at bubblepoint pressure of Egyptian crude oils much better than the published ones. The obtained outcomes include an average relative error (ARE) of 0.06, an average absolute error (AARE) of 2 and coefficient of regression (R2) of 0.98.In the current research, PVT data sets were collected from Egyptian reservoirs and regression analysis were used to obtain oil FVF correlation.

Keywords: PVT Correlations; Oil Formation Volume Factor; Egypt.

Abstract: The fossil fuels as the major energy source in the current energy scenario will disappear eventually. In such a case it has become a necessity to consider other energy sources for providing our future energy needs. One of the most promising of the energy sources is geothermal energy. Through this paper we will discuss an idea of extracting geothermal energy of the earth using abandoned oil/gas wells. If we use abandoned oil wells present in areas with a favourable geothermal gradient we might be able to harness an economical amount of energy.

Keywords: Geothermal gradient, Re-drilling, No-return valve, temperature logs, saturated steam, well abandonment.

Abstract: In the stream of study of power systems, the radial distribution system is considered to be one of the most popular types of distribution systems. Loss minimization, maintenance of good voltage profile is the main objectives of radial distribution system. Autonomous Group Particle Swarm Optimization (AGPSO) is recently employed to achieve the above mentioned objectives. In this algorithm reconfiguration and DG placement were studied, while implementing on a 33-bus radial distribution system at three different load levels and the results were tested. Earlier, Harmony Search Algorithm was employed to achieve the above mentioned objectives, but AGPSO gives better results in comparison. The test results prove that AGPSO algorithm is more efficient, therefore suitable for loss minimization and maintenance of good voltage profile.

Keywords: Distributed generation, Distribution system, real power loss, Harmony Search Algorithm, Autonomous Group Particle Swarm Optimization, Reconfiguration.

Abstract: Timber is a renewable resource and preferred as building and construction material due to physical, mechanical, and has an aesthetically performance. However, timber varies due to its own property and proposes. The quality of the timber has a strong influence on the quality and value of timber products. Therefore, this study will be conducted to learn about mechanical strength properties of Terbulan (Endospermum diadenum sp.) fast-growing timber according to BS 373: 1957 Methods of Testing Small Clear Specimens of Timber. Instead of strength property, this study will be determined the suitable utilization of Terbulan timber for the construction industry. The test will be conducted on both conditions which are green and air-dry condition. Generally, Terbulan species is a fast-growing timber in Sarawak. From the point of view, the strength properties parameters such as basic density, modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE) and compressive strength of Terbulan timber will be reviewed to determine the effectiveness of the species in the construction field. As a result of the analysis, it is found that Terbulan timber at the air-dry condition for MOR, MOE and compression parallel to grain reported with 84.17 N/mm², 10217.79 N/mm² and 28.94 N/mm² respectively. Terbulan is categorized in light hardwood timber and conclusion, related products are confined at the beginning it is a steel and concrete replacement that is mostly used in structure such as light construction, furniture and joinery.

Keywords: mechanical properties, fast-grown, strength properties, light hardwood.

Abstract: Demand for wood as structural components has kept increasing. The alternatives available to maintain an adequate supply include the controls to regulate the annual falling rate or to find fast-growing plantation trees as replacements for traditional popular species. Thus, this study focuses on the determination of strength performance of Hevea Brasiliensis at a structural size in green and air-dry condition. The British Standard BS 5820: 1979 method of testing structural size timber was adopted to test the strength properties of this species. For this thesis, the mechanical properties of Hevea brasiliensis that will be discussed is the modulus of elasticity (MOE) in NDT test. The physical properties that affect the strength of timber related to this study are moisture content and basic density. It was found that the strength value of modulus of elasticity was high in air-dry condition with an overall mean value of 14237.03N/mm2 compared to Hevea brasiliensis in green condition with MOE value of 14208.21 N/mm2. The average density in green condition for top and bottom part of Hevea brasiliensis are 795.60 kg/m3 and 825.70 kg/m3. While, the average density in air-dried condition for top and bottom part of this timber species are 659.10 kg/m3 and 756.60 kg/m3 respectively. For samples in green condition, the moisture content is 55.02% for the top part and 55.41% for the bottom part, while samples for the air-dry condition is dried until moisture content reached 18%. At air-dry condition, Hevea brasiliensis classified under light hardwood. This study revealed that the strength properties of Hevea brasiliensis in air-dry condition are higher than in green condition. Also, the density was higher at bottom part compared to the top part of this species.

Keywords: modulus of elasticity, basic density and moisture content.

Abstract: Physio-geographic and climatic conditions along with land characteristics makes India one of the most disaster prone countries of the world exposed to different kinds of natural disasters like cyclones, floods, earthquakes, famines, drought, and landslides which are responsible for loss of life and damage to property. Amongst natural disasters flood is one such calamity that is highly recurring event in entire India especially in the state of Uttar Pradesh. Some of the major rivers which create floods in the State are the Ganga, the Ghaghra, the Yamuna, the Ramganga, the Gomti, the Rapti, the Sharda, and the Gandak. Eastern districts of Uttar Pradesh are the most vulnerable to floods in comparson to the western districts and central region .The recurrence period of highly deficient rainfall in Eastern Uttar Pradesh has been calculated to be around 6 to 8 years whereas in Western U.P. it is 10 years. The geographical area of the State is 240.93 lakh hectares and in it about 73.06 lakh hectares is flood prone. According to the Irrigation Department's estimate, protection from floods could be given to only 58.72 lakh hectares annually. This paper deals with chronically flood prone region of eastern Uttar Pradesh "Ballia district" with the risk posed by river Ghaghara and the various structural and non- structural measures adopted for management of floods in these regions. Nowadays space technology too, plays an important role in assessing and monitoring about damage caused by floods and its mitigation measures required for effective flood management.

Keywords: Flood prone regions, Eastern - Uttar Pradesh, Structural - Non-Structural measures, Physio-geographic condition.

Abstract: This article shows that sludge resulting from the aerobic treatment of Düzce Pakmaya Facility can be composted either with domestic organic wastes or by themselves in closed aerobic reactors. The economic raw materials in Düzce and cities in the vicinity of Düzce which can be used for the composting are determined and mathematical postulates were developed. Proving the accuracy of these mathematical postulates with laboratory analyses, it was proved that how the composting process is conducted can be determined beforehand by mathematical postulates with maximum ±9% deviation. The result of the composting of sludge both with domestic organic wastes and by themselves were examined separately and evaluated according to the compost formation criteria. The main aim of this study is to combine solid wastes that are getting a problem day by day and treatment sludge. And also, turn the raw materials that pollute the environment into beneficial products to make a pilot scale approach to the solid waste problem.

Keywords: Composting, organic waste, sludge, solid waste.