Abstract: Environmental factors such as dust and sand storms significantly influence the performance of microwave and millimetre-wave communication systems. This paper presents a comprehensive theoretical analysis of electromagnetic wave propagation under dust- and sand-laden conditions in the coalfield region of Surguja district, Chhattisgarh. Various analytical and modeling techniques have been reviewed and applied, including Mie Scattering Theory, Effective Medium Approximations (Maxwell–Garnett and Bruggeman models), and the Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE) for dense particle media. In addition, empirical and semi-empirical attenuation models have been discussed to provide practical estimation approaches based on visibility and dust density data. To complement the theoretical framework, reference is made to experimental validation methods such as the Vector Network Analyzer (VNA), Point-to-Point Analyzer (PPA), Infinite Sample Method, and Two-Point Dielectric Method, which are commonly employed in similar studies.

Theoretical simulations indicate that attenuation and scattering effects increase with both frequency and particle concentration, making millimetre-wave bands (above 30 GHz) particularly vulnerable in dusty or coal-dust-dominated environments. The study highlights the distinct electromagnetic behavior of coal dust, attributed to its higher dielectric loss compared to sand, and underscores the need for empirical validation to refine propagation models for mining regions.

Keywords: Microwave propagation, Millimeter-wave, Dust and sand storms, Coal dust attenuation, Mie scattering theory, Effective medium theory, Radiative transfer, Surguja coalfield, Theoretical modeling, Electromagnetic wave propagation

Downloads: | DOI: 10.17148/IARJSET.2025.1211024