Abstract: In the development of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington's disease, neuroinflammation has been recognized as a major role player. It is characterized by persistent microglia and astrocyte activation, excess release of cytokines, and oxidative stress leading to neuronal homeostasis disturbance and neurodegeneration. In this extended review, we provide a snap-shot of some of the key players and molecular constituents involved in chronic neuroinflammation. It also examines pharmacological modulation therapies via cytokine signaling, glial activation and oxidative stress pathways for the reduction of neuronal loss. Emerging data emphasizes the influence of novel therapeutic drugs like inflammasome antagonists, kinase inhibitors and neuroprotective nutraceuticals on modulation of inflammation. The review also considers challenges of translating preclinical observations to clinical benefit, such as restrictions associated with the blood–brain barrier, drug toxicity and heterogeneity in disease. Elucidating neuroinflammatory mechanisms may lead to safer and more effective pharmacological treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.

Keywords: Neuroinflammation; Neurodegeneration; Microglia; Astrocytes; Cytokines; Alzheimer’s disease; Parkinson’s disease; Multiple sclerosis; Pharmacological modulation; Neuroprotection.

Downloads: | DOI: 10.17148/IARJSET.2025.121210