Abstract: PEMFCs (proton-exchange membrane fuel cells) are a promising technology for producing safe and effective electricity in the twenty-first century. The primary components in a fuel cell system are proton exchange membranes (PEMs). The aim of the researchers was to develop a proton exchange membrane with high proton conductivity, low electronic conductivity, low fuel permeability, low electroosmotic drag coefficient, good chemical/thermal stability, good mechanical properties, and a low cost. The "iron triangle" of efficiency, durability, and cost is used to classify these. The current PEMFC technology is based on costly perfluorinated proton-exchange membranes (PEMs) that only work when completely hydrated. There is a lot of interest in lowering membrane costs and expanding the operating window of PEMs because of the applications. The creation of ‘water-free' electrolytes that do not need hydration could minimize the complexity of PEMFC systems. It also allows the PEMFC to work in ‘warm' conditions (above 100°C), improving its performance even more. Since fewer Pt could be used in colder climates, capital costs could be further reduced. This paper provides an overview of the main requirements for proton exchange membranes (PEM) in fuel cell applications, as well as a review of the existing membrane materials and their ability to meet these requirements. This paper examines and discusses a variety of potential alternative candidates. Some new products, innovations, and research directions are also explored in order to meet the PEM fuel cell industry's demanding efficiency and durability requirements. Alternative PEMs are divided into three categories: modified Nafion® composite membranes, functionalized non-fluorinated membranes and composite membranes derived from them, and acidebase composite membranes. In the sense of composite membranes, many widely used inorganic additives are discussed. Finally, general methods for calculating and analyzing proton exchange membrane properties, such as proton conductivity, ion exchange potential, water absorption, gas permeability, methanol permeability, longevity, thermal stability, and fuel cell efficiency testing, have been investigated.

Keywords: Polymeric electrolyte, Proton exchange membrane Fuel cell, Nafion , Composite membranes

| DOI: 10.17148/IARJSET.2021.86131