Abstract: Water quality assessment is essential for ensuring ecosystem health, human safety, and sustainable development. This review examines the physico-chemical properties of water—such as pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, turbidity, and the concentrations of major cations and anions—and their roles in determining water quality. By synthesizing findings from recent literature, the paper highlights the significance of these parameters in assessing pollution levels, ecological health, and suitability for consumption. The review also identifies knowledge gaps, challenges, and future directions for improving water quality monitoring.

| DOI: 10.17148/IARJSET.2024.111127