Review of Secure, Robust, and Intuitive Charging Solutions for Electric Vehicles

Abstract: The rapid adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs) necessitates a secure, robust, and intelligent Electric Vehicle Charging Station (EVCS) infrastructure to support sustainable transportation. While EVs offer significant environmental benefits, their supporting systems face critical cybersecurity vulnerabilities and usability challenges. This paper examines EVCS threats using the STRIDE model, evaluates existing protocols (ISO 15118, OCPP), and explores integration with smart grids and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) systems. It proposes a layered defence model with encryption, authentication upgrades, and advanced solutions like AI-based monitoring and blockchain. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of intuitive design and robust system architecture to ensure high availability, ease of use, and user trust. Unified standards, strong policy mandates, and public-private collaboration are recommended to enhance EVCS resilience and usability.

Keywords: Introduction, Threat Landscape and STRIDE Model, Key Vulnerabilities in EVCS Systems, EVCS Security Protocols and Shortcomings, Countermeasures and Best Practices, Grid Integration and Systemic Challenges, Enhancing Robustness in EVCS Infrastructure, Designing Intuitive Charging Systems, Policy, Standards, and Regulatory Frameworks, Future Directions, Conclusion